G7 Incandescent Lamps

7 INCANDESCENT LAMPS

A typical incandescent lamp consists of a tungsten wire filament enclosed in a glass bulb filled with inert gas at low pressure. For close to 100 years, the standard incandescent lamp has had an efficacy of approximately 15 lm/W. Newer versions of the standard incandescent lamp, using high pressure halogen and infrared coatings have increased the efficacy of some incandescent lamps to over 35 lm/W, still less than the 50 lm/W efficacy of a compact fluorescent lamp.

By early 2007, with the growing sales of compact fluorescent lamps, the decision to proceed with implementing minimum performance standards for standard incandescent lamps was made in several jurisdictions. Canada’s regulations will in effect harmonize levels with legislated levels in the United States (although the implementation dates differ slightly).

In January 2012, 60 W and 100 W standard incandescent lamps will be required to meet new minimum efficiency standards, with 40W lamps required to meet the same standard by the end of 2012. These new standards are estimated to be equivalent to improving the unit efficacy 30% over standard incandescent bulbs. Series manufacturers have now begun marketing lines of high efficiency incandescent lamps with a target of 30 lumens/watt.

All regulations will apply to general-purpose, non-directional incandescent bulbs, and will not apply to specialty bulbs such as reflector lamps (MR16, PAR lamps) or to special purpose bulbs (as used in appliances, traffic lights, infrared lamps, "rough service" bulbs, 3-way, coloured bulbs, candelabra, and plant lights).

a. Standard Incandescent Lamps

General Description

• An incandescent lamp produces light by using electric current to heat a metallic filament to a high temperature (above 5000° C/ 9000° F).
• A tungsten filament is used because of its high melting point and low rate of evaporation at high temperatures.
• The filament is enclosed in a glass bulb filled with inert gas at low pressure.
• The inert gas permits operation at higher temperatures, compared to vacuum, resulting in a smaller evaporation rate of the filament.
• The bulbs are often frosted on the inside to provide a diffused light instead of the glaring brightness of the unconcealed filament.
• Incandescent lamps have evolved into four families, from lowest to highest efficiency: Standard, Energy saving, Halogen and Infra Red (IR) lamps.

PAR Lamps

• All PAR lamps have an aluminum or silver coating reflector on part of the bulb’s surface.
• PAR lamps are used for directional lighting, i.e., highlighting or spot lighting.
• Most common size is the PAR38; Other sizes include PAR30, PAR20 and PAR16.
• Beam spreads are described as narrow spot (NS), spot (SP) and flood (FL).

Shapes and Designation

Shape Code

Characteristics – Standard Incandescent Lamps

Colour rendering index excellent CRI Note: • CRI for incandescent lamps is typically 97.
Colour temperature - 2,500 to 3,000 K
- warm colour
Luminous efficacy - 10 to 20 lumens per watt
- lowest efficacy of all light sources
- efficacy increases with lamp size
Lamp life (hours) - 1,000 to 2,000 (typical 1,000)
- shortest life of all light sources
- longer life lamps have lower efficacy
Lamp watts - 1 to 1,500 W
Lamp lumen - 80% to 90% depreciation factor (LLD)
Warm-up time - instant
Restrike time - instant
Lamp cost - lowest initial cost
- highest operating cost
Main applications
- residential (the OPA estimates that over 70% of the lamps installed
In homes are inefficient standard A bulbs.
- merchandising display lighting

Lamp Designation*

Lamp
Watts Rated Lamp
Life (hrs) Initial
Lumens Initial Lumens
per Watt Mean
Lumens Mean Lumens
per Watt Colour
Temp
Deg K LLD
Standard Lamps
200 PS 30 200 1,000 3,400 17.0 2,925 0.85
300 PS 30 300 1,000 5,720 19.1 5,205 17.4 3,000 0.82
500 PS 35 500 1,000 10,750 21.5 9,783 19.6 3,050 0.89
1000 PS 52 1,000 1,000 23,100 23.1 21,252 21.3 3,030 0.89
1500 PS 52 1,500 1,000 33,620 22.4 28,241 18.8 3,070 0.78
Standard R Lamps
30 R 20 30 2,000 200 6.7
50 R 20 50 2,000 320 6.4
75 R 20 75 2,000 500 6.7
Standard BR & ER Lamps
50 ER 30 50 2,000 320 6.4
75 ER 30 75 2,000 580 7.7
120 ER 40 120 2,000 1,475 12.3
Standard PAR Lamps
65 PAR 38 65 2,000 765 11.8
75 PAR 38 75 2,000 1,040 13.9
120 PAR 38 120 2,000 1,370 11.4
150 PAR 38 150 2,000 1,740 11.6 1,462 9.7 0.78
200 PAR 46 200 2,000 2,300 11.5
300 PAR 56 300 2,000 3,840 12.8
500 PAR 64 500 2,000 6,500 13.0

• Watts, Shape Code and Diameter (in eighths of an inch)

• The lamp charts throughout this publication are intended for comparison purposes only; please refer to the most recent lamp manufacturer’s catalogues or websites for up-to-date information on lamp part numbers and availability.

b. Halogen Lamps

General Description

• The quartz tungsten halogen lamp is another type of incandescent lamp.
• When a halogen element is added to the filling gas under certain design conditions, a chemical reaction occurs, as a result of which evaporated tungsten is redeposited on the filament, preventing any deposits on the bulb wall that lead to bulb blackening and reduced lamp efficacy.
• The bulb of the tungsten halogen lamp is normally made of quartz glass to withstand the lamp’s high-temperature operating conditions.
• The fixture often incorporates a reflector for better heat dissipation and beam control.

Low Voltage Tungsten Halogen Lamps

General Description

• Operates at low voltage - mainly 12 V,
• Each fixture includes a transformer - supplying the low voltage to the lamp and are compact in size,
• These are more efficient than standard incandescent,
• These have longer life than standard incandescent,
• These are used mainly for display lighting.

Lamp Designation*

Lamp
Watts Rated Lamp
Life (hrs) Initial
Lumens Initial Lumens
per Watt Mean
Lumens Mean Lumens
per Watt Colour
Temp
Deg K LLD
Single-Ended Quartz
Q 75 CL 75 2,000 1,400 18.7
Q 100 CL 100 750 1,800 18.0 3,000
Q 150 CL/DC 150 1,000 2,800 18.7 2,688 17.9 2,850 0.96
Q 250 CL/DC 250 2,000 5,000 20.0 4,850 19.4 2,950 0.97
Q 400 CL/MC 400 2,000 8,250 20.6 2,950
Q 500 CL/DC 500 2,000 10,450 20.9 2,950
Double-Ended Quartz
Q 200 T3/CL 200 1,500 3,460 17.3 2,850 0.96
Q 300 T3/CL 300 2,000 5,950 19.8 2,950 0.96
Q 400 T4/CL 400 2,000 7,750 19.4 2,950 0.96
Q 500 T3/CL 550 2,000 11,100 22.2 10,767 21.5 3,000 0.96
Q1000 T6/CL 1,000 2,000 23,400 23.4 3,050 0.96
Q1500 T3/CL 1,500 2,000 35,800 23.9 34,726 23.2 3,050 0.96
Low Voltage MR Types Centre Beam Candle Power
20MR16FL 20W 4,000 700 CBCP
50MR16FL 50W 4,000 2,000 CBCP
65MR16FL 65W 4,000 2,100 CBCP
57
Notes: • CRI for tungsten halogen (quartz) lamps is slightly better than other incandescent lamps.
• CBCP = Centre Beam Candle Power, used instead of lumens with the low voltage reflector lamps.

c. Halogen PAR Lamps

General Description

• Halogen PAR lamps use a halogen capsule instead of a tungsten filament.
• Halogen PAR lamps are lamps with a Parabolic Aluminum Reflector (PAR) which use a halogen capsule instead of a simple filament.
• The halogen capsule includes a tungsten filament and halogen gas.
• Halogen PAR lamps have many advantages over standard and energy saving PAR lamps:
• Lamp watts: 45 W, 65 W, 90 W.
• Life: 2,000 hours.

d. Halogen PAR IR (Infrared) Lamps

• Halogen PAR IR lamps use a halogen capsule with an infrared (IR) coating film on the capsule surface.
• The IR film is visually transparent and reflects heat back to the filament, making the lamp more efficient.
• These lamps are the most efficient incandescent PAR lamps.
• Lamp watts: 40 W, 50 W, 55 W, 60 W, 80 W, 100 W, and others.
• Life: 3,000 to 6,000 hours.
• These are an excellent replacement for conventional incandescent PAR lamps.

Characteristics

Colour rendering index - 97 (CRI) - CRI for tungsten halogen (quartz) lamps is slightly better than other incandescent lamps.

Colour temperature - Whiter light K
-
Luminous effi cacy - 20 to 35 lumens per watt
- highest efficacy of all incandescent light sources
Lamp life (hours) - 2,000 to 4,000 (typical 2,000)
Lamp watts - 90 to 1,000 W
Lamp lumen - Constant light output throughout lamp life without lamp darkening.
Warm-up time - instant
Restrike time - instant
Lamp cost - highest initial cost, but Halogen PAR lamps provide energy savings which outweigh the lamp price difference in less than a year.
- lower operating cost
Main applications - residential and commercial (downlights, accent lighting, outdoor lighting)
- commercial (highlighting merchandise in stores and window displays).

Lamp Designation*

Lamp
Watts Rated Lamp
Life (hrs) Initial
Lumens Initial Lumens
per Watt Mean
Lumens Mean Lumens
per Watt Colour
Temp
Deg K LLD
PAR Quartz
Q90 PAR38 90 2,000 1,740 19.3 0.96
Q150 PAR38 140 4,000 2,000 13.3 1,900 12.7 2,900
Q250 PAR38 250 6,000 3,220 12.9 2,900
Q500 PAR56 500 4,000 7,000 14.0 2,950
Q1000 PAR64 1,000 4,000 19,400 19.4 3,000

PAR 38 Lamp Replacements

Lamp Wattage Rated Lamp
Life (hrs) Initial
Lumens Mean Lumens
per Watt Light Colour
Standard PAR 100 150 - 2000 1,700 11.3 lm/W -
Energy Saving PAR 75 80/85 120 - 2000 - Same Same
Halogen PAR 55, 65 - 90 - 2000 1,900 15.8 lm/W 40% less Same Whiter
IR Halogen PAR 45 - 60 100 4000 2,030 22.5 lm/W 60% less Same Whiter
Typical Halogen PAR Brand Names: PAR Performance, Masterline, Capsylite,IR-PAR
Notes: • Replacements provide approximately the same light beam candlepower around the centre of the beam.

e. Infrared Heat Lamps

The new IR-PAR lamp Conventional IR-lamp

• The Energy Radiator reflects the heat forward
• Skirted PAR lamp base for increased support
• The heat loss in the conventional (Soft Glass) IR lamp

General Description

Infrared heat lamps, also known as IR lamps, or simply heat lamps, are specially-designed incandescent lamps which produce mostly heat and little light.

• Most infrared heat lamps have a red front glass, but lamps with clear white glass are also available.
• PAR heat lamps offer a more efficient and overall better alternative to R type of heat lamps.

Applications

• Farm animal heating;
• In farm animal heating where lamps are on continuously;
• Restaurants also use them for keeping food warm.
• PAR lamps have a more rugged construction and use a tempered glass not easily broken by thermal shock or mechanical impact.
• In farm applications, typical conditions include high humidity, i.e., RH at least 75% and ammonia levels from 25 to 35 ppm, with an expected negative effect on lamp life.
• Fluctuations in voltage are common in farms and have a negative effect since higher voltages reduce the
• expected lifetime.
• The parameters used to compare the two types of lamps are listed below.

PAR Lamps Can Replace R Lamps

• PAR lamps are newer and more efficient than R lamps.
• R type lamps are older and have been used more extensively and include the following sizes: 250 W R40, 175 W R40 and 150 W R40.
• PAR lamps can replace higher wattage R lamps with an equivalent heat output.
• There are two basic types:
  • 1 - PAR type - i.e., parabolic aluminum reflector lamps
• PAR type lamps are newer and more efficient. They include the following sizes:
  • - 175 W PAR 38,
  • - 100 W PAR 38.
  • 2 - R type - i.e., reflector type lamps.
• The 250 W R40 lamp is presently the most widely-used heat lamp in the market.

175 W PAR Lamps Can be a more efficient replacement for standard 250 W R Lamps

• Replacement results in savings of 75 W per lamp, i.e., 30% energy savings.
• Heat output is reduced by 29 W.
• Heat output in the 0° to 30° zone, i.e., heat output near the lamp axis zone, is almost the same for the old and the new lamp (only 4 W less).
• The heat lamp efficiency is improved.

Lamp Wattage (W) Rated Lamp
Life (hrs) Heat Output (W) Heat Lamp Efficiency (%) 0 to 30 Heat Output (W)
175 W PAR 175 5000 115 65.7 74
250 W R 260 5000 144 57.6 77.5

100 W PAR Lamps Can can be a more efficient replacement for standard 175 W R Lamps

• Replacement results in savings of 75 W per lamp, i.e., 43% energy savings.
• Heat output is reduced by 30 W.
• Heat output in the 0° to 30° zone, i.e., heat output near the lamp axis zone, is almost the same for the old and the new lamp (only 4 W less).
• The heat lamp efficiency is improved.

Lamp Wattage (W) Rated Lamp
Life (hrs) Heat Output (W) Heat Lamp Efficiency (%) 0 to 30 Heat Output (W)
175 W PAR 175 5000 115 65.7 74
175 W R 175 5000 95 54.3 46

• Heat lamp efficiency is defined as the ratio of the heat output over the nominal input wattage.
• Heat output is the useful heat available from the front of the lamp i.e., the heat produced in a solid angle of 90° around the lamp axis in the front hemisphere.
• Heat lamp effi ciency is defi ned as the ratio of the heat output over the nominal input wattage.
• Heat output in the 0° to 30° zone is the heat output near the centre axis of the lamp.